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Overview of the first Wendelstein 7-X long pulse campaign with fully water-cooled plasma facing components

  • O. Grulke
  • , C. Albert
  • , J. A.Alcuson Belloso
  • , P. Aleynikov
  • , K. Aleynikova
  • , A. Alonso
  • , G. Anda
  • , T. Andreeva
  • , M. Arvanitou
  • , E. Ascasibar
  • , E. Aymerich
  • , K. Avramidis
  • , J. P. Bähner
  • , S. G. Baek
  • , M. Balden
  • , J. Baldzuhn
  • , S. Ballinger
  • , M. Banduch
  • , S. Bannmann
  • , A. Bañón Navarro
  • L. Baylor, C. D. Beidler, M. Beurskens, C. Biedermann, G. Birkenmeier, T. Bluhm, D. Boeckenhoff, D. Boeyaert, D. Bold, M. Borchardt, D. Borodin, H. S. Bosch, H. Bouvain, S. Bozhenkov, T. Bräuer, H. Braune, C. Brandt, S. Brezinsek, K. J. Brunner, C. Büschel, R. Bussiahn, A. Buzás, B. Buttenschoen, V. Bykov, I. Calvo, A. Cappa, F. Carovani, D. Carralero, A. Carls, B. Carvalho, D. Castaño-Bardawil, N. Chaudhary, I. Chelis, S. Chen, D. Cipciar, J. W. Coenen, G. Conway, M. Cornelissen, Y. Corre, P. Costello, K. Crombe, G. Cseh, B. Csillag, H. I.Cu Castillo, G. Czymek, H. Damm, R. J. Davies, C. Day, S. Degenkolbe, R. De Wolf, W. Dekeyser, A. Demby, P. Despontin, C. P. Dhard, A. Dinklage, F. A. d’Isa, T. Dittmar, M. Dreval, M. Drevlak, P. Drews, J. Droste, D. Dunai, C. Dyhring, P. van Eeten, E. Edlund, M. Endler, D. A. Ennis, F. J. Escoto, M. S. Espinosa, T. Estrada, D. Fehling, L. Feuerstein, J. Fellinger, Y. Feng, D. L.C. Fernando, S. Fischer, E. R. Flom, O. Ford, T. Fornal, J. Frank, H. Frerichs, G. Fuchert, G. Gantenbein, Y. Gao, K. Garcia, I. García-Cortés, J. M. García-Regaña, B. Geiger, J. Geiger, P. Geissler, M. Gerard, G. Godino-Sedano, T. Gonda, A. González, A. Goriaev, D. Gradic, M. Grahl, H. Greuner, E. Grigore, M. Gruca, J. F.Guerrero Arnaiz, V. Haak, L. van Ham, K. Hammond, B. Hamstra, X. Han, S. K. Hansen, J. Harris, D. Hartmann, D. Hathiramani, S. Hegedus, S. Heinrich, P. Helander, F. Henke, S. Henneberg, L. Henschke, M. Hirsch, U. Hoefel, K. Hoefler, S. Hoermann, K. P. Hollfeld, A. Holtz, D. Höschen, M. Houry, J. Huang, J. Huang, M. Hubeny, K. Hunger, D. Hwangbo, K. Ida, Y. Igitkhanov, S. Illy, Z. Ioannidis, M. Jablczynska, S. Jablonski, B. Jabłoński, B. Jagielski, M. Jakubowski, J. Jelonnek, F. Jenko, J. Jin, A. Johansson, G. Jouniaux, S. Kajita, J. P. Kallmeyer, U. Kamionka, W. Kasparek, C. Kawan, Ye O. Kazakov, N. Kenmochi, W. Kernbichler, A. K. Kharwandikar, M. Khokhlov, C. Killer, A. Kirschner, R. Kleiber, C. C. Klepper, T. Klinger, J. Knauer, A. Knieps, M. Kobayashi, G. Kocsis, Y. Kolesnichenko, A. Könies, J. Kontula, P. Kornejew, S. A. Korteweg, J. Koschinsky, J. Koster, Y. Kovtun, A. Krämer-Flecken, M. Krause, T. Kremeyer, L. Krier, D. M. Kriete, M. Krychowiak, I. Ksiazek, M. Kubkowska, M. D. Kuczyński, D. Kulla, A. Kumar, T. Kurki-Suonio, I. Kuzmych, S. Kwak, V. Lancelotti, A. Langenberg, H. Laqua, H. P. Laqua, M. R. Larsen, S. Lazerson, C. Lechte, B. Lee, A. LeViness, M. Lewerentz, Y. Liang, L. Liao, A. Litnovsky, J. Liu, J. Loizu, R. Lopez-Cansino, L. D.Lopez Rodriguez, A. Lorenz, R. Lunsford, Y. Luo, V. Lutsenko, N. Maaziz, M. Machielsen, R. Mackenbach, D. Makowski, E. Maragkoudakis, O. Marchuk, M. Markl, S. Marsen, J. Martínez, N. Marushchenko, S. Masuzaki, D. A. Maurer, M. Mayer, K. J. McCarthy, P. McNeely, D. Medina Roque, J. Meineke, S. Meitner, S. vaz Mendes, A. Menzel-Barbara, B. van Milligen, A. Mishchenko, V. Moiseenko, A. Möller, S. Möller, D. Moseev, G. Motojima, S. Mulas, P. Mulholland, M. Nagel, D. Nagy, Y. Narbutt, D. Naujoks, P. Nelde, R. Neu, O. Neubauer, U. Neuner, D. Nicolai, S. Nielsen, C. Nührenberg, R. Ochoukov, G. Offermanns, J. Ongena, J. W. Oosterbeek, M. Otte, N. Pablant, N. Panadero Alvarez, A. Pandey, G. Partesotti, E. A. Pasch, R. Pavlichenko, E. Pawelec, T. S. Pedersen, V. Perseo, B. Peterson, F. Pisano, B. Plaum, G. Plunk, L. Podavini, N. S. Polei, P. Poloskei, S. Ponomarenko, P. Pons-Villalonga, M. Porkolab, J. Proll, M. J. Pueschel, A. Puig Sitjes, R. Ragona, K. Rahbarnia, M. Rasiński, J. Rasmussen, D. Refy, F. Reimold, M. Richou, J. S. Riemann, K. Riße, J. de la Riva Villén, G. Roberg-Clark, E. Rodriguez, V. Rohde, J. Romazanov, T. Romba, D. Rondeshagen, M. Rud, T. Ruess, T. Rummel, A. Runov, C. Ruset, N. Rust, L. Ryc, T. Rzesnicki, M. Salewski, E. Sánchez, L. Sanchis Sanchez, G. Satheeswaran, J. Schacht, E. Scharff, J. Schilling, G. Schlisio, K. Schmid, J. C. Schmitt, O. Schmitz, M. Schneider, M. Van Schoor, T. Schröder, R. Schroeder, B. Schweer, S. Sereda, B. Shanahan, G. Sias, S. Simko, L. Singh, Y. Siusko, C. Slaby, M. Sleczka, B. S. Smith, D. R. Smith, H. Smith, M. Spolaore, A. Spring, T. Stange, A. von Stechow, I. Stepanov, M. Stern, U. Stroth, Y. Suzuki, C. Swee, L. Syrocki, T. Szabolics, T. Szepesi, R. Takacs, H. Takahashi, N. Tamura, C. Tantos, J. Terry, S. Thiede, H. Thienpondt, H. Thomsen, M. Thumm, T. Thun, S. Togo, T. Tork, H. Trimino Mora, A. Tsikouras, Y. Turkin, L. Vano, S. Varoutis, M. Vecsei, J. L. Velasco, M. Verstraeten, M. Vervier, E. Viezzer, J. Wagner, E. Wang, F. Wang, M. Wappl, F. Warmer, T. Wegner, Y. Wei, G. Weir, N. Wendler, U. Wenzel, A. White, F. Wilms, T. Windisch, A. Winter, V. Winters, R. Wolf, G. Wurden, P. Xanthopoulos, H. M. Xiang, S. Xu, H. Yamada, J. Yang, R. Yi, M. Yokoyama, B. Zamorski, M. Zanini, M. Zarnstorff, D. Zhang, S. Zhou, J. Zhu, J. Zimmermann, A. Zocco, S. Zoletnik
  • Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik
  • Technical University of Denmark
  • Technische Universität Graz
  • CIEMAT
  • Centre for Energy Research
  • Technical University of Berlin
  • University of Cagliari
  • National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • Oak Ridge National Laboratory
  • University of Wisconsin-Madison
  • Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
  • Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf
  • Instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear
  • Eindhoven University of Technology
  • Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA)
  • University of Ghent
  • Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
  • KU Leuven
  • Greifswald University
  • ENEA Centro Ricerche Frascati
  • Inst. of Plasma Physics of the National Science Center, Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology
  • SUNY Cortland
  • Auburn University
  • Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion
  • National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics
  • Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
  • Technische Universität München
  • University of Tsukuba
  • National Institute for Fusion Science
  • Lodz University of Technology
  • University of Tokyo
  • University of Stuttgart
  • Royal Military Academy
  • Institute for Nuclear Research
  • Aalto University
  • University of Opole
  • The Australian National University
  • V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University
  • National Research Nuclear University MEPhI
  • Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
  • University of Seville
  • Uppsala University
  • FOM Institute DIFFER
  • University of Szczecin
  • Consorzio Rfx
  • Hiroshima University
  • Tohoku University
  • Los Alamos National Laboratory

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

48 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

After a long device enhancement phase, scientific operation resumed in 2022. The main new device components are the water cooling of all plasma facing components and the new water-cooled high heat flux divertor units. Water cooling allowed for the first long-pulse operation campaign. A maximum discharge length of 8 min was achieved with a total heating energy of 1.3 GJ. Safe divertor operation was demonstrated in attached and detached mode. Stable detachment is readily achieved in some magnetic configurations but requires impurity seeding in configurations with small magnetic pitch angle within the edge islands. Progress was made in the characterization of transport mechanisms across edge magnetic islands: Measurement of the potential distribution and flow pattern reveals that the islands are associated with a strong poloidal drift, which leads to rapid convection of energy and particles from the last closed flux surface into the scrape-off layer. Using the upgraded plasma heating systems, advanced heating scenarios were developed, which provide improved energy confinement comparable to the scenario, in which the record triple product for stellarators was achieved in the previous operation campaign. However, a magnetic configuration-dependent critical heating power limit of the electron cyclotron resonance heating was observed. Exceeding the respective power limit leads to a degradation of the confinement.

Original languageEnglish
Article number112002
JournalNuclear Fusion
Volume64
Issue number11
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Nov 2024

Keywords

  • divertor detachment
  • long-pulse operation
  • magnetic fusion confinement
  • stellarator

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