Age-related differences in problem-solving skills: Reduced benefit of sleep for memory trace consolidation

We investigated the behavioural and neuronal functional consequences of age-related differences in sleep for gaining insight into novel cognitive strategies. Forty healthy young adults (20–35 years), and twenty-nine healthy older adults (60–85 years) were assigned to either nap or wake conditions. Participants were trained on the Tower of Hanoi in the AM, followed by either a 90-minute nap opportunity or period of wakefulness, and were retested afterward. Functional magnetic resonance imaging scans examined differences in brain activation from training to retest in young versus older adults as a function of sleep. Sleep enhanced performance and transformed the memory trace in young adults via hippocampal-neocortical transfer, but not older adults. This is consistent with the notion that as the consolidation of a newly formed memory trace progresses, the hippocampus becomes less involved; especially so when sleep occurs during that time. These results demonstrate a critical role for sleep in supporting problem-solving skills and suggest that the benefit of sleep for consolidation of these skills is reduced with age.