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Major results from the first plasma campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator

  • R. C. Wolf
  • , A. Ali
  • , A. Alonso
  • , J. Baldzuhn
  • , C. Beidler
  • , M. Beurskens
  • , C. Biedermann
  • , H. S. Bosch
  • , S. Bozhenkov
  • , R. Brakel
  • , A. Dinklage
  • , Y. Feng
  • , G. Fuchert
  • , J. Geiger
  • , O. Grulke
  • , P. Helander
  • , M. Hirsch
  • , U. Höfel
  • , M. Jakubowski
  • , J. Knauer
  • G. Kocsis, R. König, P. Kornejew, A. Kràmer-Flecken, M. Krychowiak, M. Landreman, A. Langenberg, H. P. Laqua, S. Lazerson, H. Maaßberg, S. Marsen, M. Marushchenko, D. Moseev, H. Niemann, N. Pablant, E. Pasch, K. Rahbarnia, G. Schlisio, T. Stange, T. Sunn Pedersen, J. Svensson, T. Szepesi, H. Trimino Mora, Y. Turkin, T. Wauters, G. Weir, U. Wenzel, T. Windisch, G. Wurden, D. Zhang, I. Abramovic, S. Äkàslompolo, P. Aleynikov, K. Aleynikova, R. Alzbutas, G. Anda, T. Andreeva, E. Ascasibar, J. Assmann, S. G. Baek, M. Banduch, T. Barbui, M. Barlak, K. Baumann, W. Behr, A. Benndorf, O. Bertuch, W. Biel, D. Birus, B. Blackwell, E. Blanco, M. Blatzheim, T. Bluhm, D. Böckenhoff, P. Bolgert, M. Borchardt, V. Borsuk, J. Boscary, L. G. Böttger, H. Brand, Ch Brandt, T. Bràuer, H. Braune, S. Brezinsek, K. J. Brunner, B. Brünner, R. Burhenn, B. Buttenschön, V. Bykov, I. Calvo, B. Cannas, A. Cappa, A. Carls, L. Carraro, B. Carvalho, F. Castejon, A. Charl, F. Chernyshev, M. Cianciosa, R. Citarella, Ciupiński, G. Claps, M. Cole, M. J. Cole, F. Cordella, G. Cseh, A. Czarnecka, A. Czermak, K. Czerski, M. Czerwinski, G. Czymek, A. Da Molin, A. Da Silva, G. Dammertz, T. Funaba, A. De La Pena, S. Degenkolbe, P. Denner, D. P. Dhard, M. Dostal, M. Drevlak, P. Drewelow, Ph Drews, A. Dudek, G. Dundulis, F. Durodie, P. Van Eeten, F. Effenberg, G. Ehrke, M. Endler, D. Ennis, E. Erckmann, H. Esteban, T. Estrada, N. Fahrenkamp, J. H. Feist, J. Fellinger, H. Fernandes, W. H. Fietz, W. Figacz, J. Fontdecaba, O. Ford, T. Fornal, H. Frerichs, A. Freund, M. Führer, T. Funaba, A. Galkowski, G. Gantenbein, Y. Gao, J. García Regaña, M. Garcia-Munoz, D. Gates, G. Gawlik, B. Geiger, V. Giannella, N. Gierse, A. Gogoleva, B. Goncalves, A. Goriaev, D. Gradic, M. Grahl, J. Green, A. Grosman, H. Grote, M. Gruca, C. Guerard, L. Haiduk, X. Han, F. Harberts, J. H. Harris, H. J. Hartfuß, D. Hartmann, D. Hathiramani, B. Hein, B. Heinemann, P. Heitzenroeder, S. Henneberg, C. Hennig, J. Hernandez Sanchez, C. Hidalgo, H. Hölbe, K. P. Hollfeld, A. Hölting, D. Höschen, M. Houry, J. Howard, X. Huang, M. Huber, V. Huber, H. Hunger, K. Ida, T. Ilkei, S. Illy, B. Israeli, A. Ivanov, S. Jablonski, J. Jagielski, J. Jelonnek, H. Jenzsch, P. Junghans, J. Kacmarczyk, T. Kaliatka, J. P. Kallmeyer, U. Kamionka, R. Karalevicius, H. Kasahara, W. Kasparek, N. Kenmochi, M. Keunecke, A. Khilchenko, D. Kinna, R. Kleiber, T. Klinger, M. Knaup, Th Kobarg, F. Köchl, Y. Kolesnichenko, A. Könies, M. Köppen, J. Koshurinov, R. Koslowski, F. Köster, R. Koziol, M. Kràmer, R. Krampitz, P. Kraszewsk, N. Krawczyk, T. Kremeyer, Th Krings, J. Krom, G. Krzesinski, I. Ksiazek, M. Kubkowska, G. Kühner, T. Kurki-Suonio, S. Kwak, R. Lang, S. Langish, H. Laqua, R. Laube, C. Lechte, M. Lennartz, W. Leonhardt, L. Lewerentz, Y. Liang, Ch Linsmeier, S. Liu, J. F. Lobsien, D. Loesser, J. Loizu Cisquella, J. Lore, A. Lorenz, M. Losert, L. Lubyako, A. Lücke, A. Lumsdaine, V. Lutsenko, J. Majano-Brown, O. Marchuk, M. Mardenfeld, P. Marek, S. Massidda, S. Masuzaki, D. Maurer, K. McCarthy, P. McNeely, A. Meier, D. Mellein, B. Mendelevitch, Ph Mertens, D. Mikkelsen, O. Mishchenko, B. Missal, J. Mittelstaedt, T. Mizuuchi, A. Mollen, V. Moncada, T. Mönnich, T. Morizaki, R. Munk, S. Murakami, F. Musielok, G. Náfrádi, M. Nagel, D. Naujoks, H. Neilson, O. Neubauer, U. Neuner, T. Ngo, R. Nocentini, C. Nührenberg, J. Nührenberg, S. Obermayer, G. Offermanns, K. Ogawa, J. Ongena, J. W. Oosterbeek, G. Orozco, M. Otte, L. Pacios Rodriguez, W. Pan, N. Panadero, N. Panadero Alvarez, A. Panin, D. Papenfuß, S. Paqay, A. Pavone, E. Pawelec, G. Pelka, X. Peng, V. Perseo, B. Peterson, A. Pieper, D. Pilopp, S. Pingel, F. Pisano, B. Plaum, G. Plunk, M. Povilaitis, J. Preinhaelter, J. Proll, M. E. Puiatti, A. Puig Sitjes, F. Purps, M. Rack, S. Récsei, A. Reiman, D. Reiter, F. Remppel, S. Renard, R. Riedl, J. Riemann, S. Rimkevicius, K. Riße, A. Rodatos, H. Röhlinger, M. Romé, P. Rong, H. J. Roscher, B. Roth, L. Rudischhauser, K. Rummel, T. Rummel, A. Runov, N. Rust, L. Ryc, S. Ryosuke, R. Sakamoto, A. Samartsev, M. Sanchez, F. Sano, S. Satake, G. Satheeswaran, J. Schacht, F. Schauer, T. Scherer, A. Schlaich, K. H. Schlüter, J. Schmitt, H. Schmitz, O. Schmitz, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, W. Schneider, M. Scholz, P. Scholz, R. Schrittwieser, M. Schröder, T. Schröder, R. Schroeder, H. Schumacher, B. Schweer, B. Shanahan, I. V. Shikhovtsev, M. Sibilia, P. Sinha, S. Siplià, J. Skodzik, C. Slaby, H. Smith, W. Spiess, D. A. Spong, A. Spring, R. Stadler, B. Standley, L. Stephey, M. Stoneking, U. Stridde, Z. Sulek, A. Da Molin, Y. Suzuki, V. Szabó, T. Szabolics, Z. Szökefalvi-Nagy, N. Tamura, A. Terra, J. Terry, J. Thomas, H. Thomsen, M. Thumm, C. P. Von Thun, D. Timmermann, P. Titus, K. Toi, J. M. Travere, P. Traverso, J. Tretter, H. Tsuchiya, T. Tsujimura, S. Tulipán, M. Turnyanskiy, B. Unterberg, J. Urban, E. Urbonavicius, I. Vakulchyk, S. Valet, B. Van Millingen, L. Vela, J. L. Velasco, M. Vergote, M. Vervier, N. Vianello, H. Viebke, R. Vilbrandt, A. Vorkörper, S. Wadle, F. Wagner, E. Wang, N. Wang, F. Warmer, L. Wegener, J. Weggen, Y. Wei, J. Wendorf, A. Werner, B. Wiegel, F. Wilde, E. Winkler, V. Winters, S. Wolf, J. Wolowski, A. Wright, P. Xanthopoulos, H. Yamada, I. Yamada, R. Yasuhara, M. Yokoyama, J. Zajac, M. Zarnstorff, A. Zeitler, H. Zhang, J. Zhu, M. Zilker, A. Zimbal, A. Zocco, S. Zoletnik, M. Zuin
  • Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik
  • CIEMAT
  • Wigner Research Centre for Physics
  • FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JULICH GMBH
  • University of Maryland, College Park
  • Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
  • Los Alamos National Laboratory
  • Lithuanian Energy Institute
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • University of Wisconsin-Madison
  • Narodowe Centrum Badań Jadrowych
  • KARLSRUHER INSTITUT FUER TECHNOLOGIE
  • The Australian National University
  • Eindhoven University of Technology
  • University of Cagliari
  • Consorzio Rfx
  • Instituto Superior Técnico
  • Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
  • Oak Ridge National Laboratory
  • University of Salerno
  • Warsaw University of Technology
  • ENEA Centro Ricerche Frascati
  • Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion
  • Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN
  • University of Szczecin
  • University of Milano-Bicocca
  • Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg
  • Auburn University
  • National Institute for Fusion Science
  • Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
  • Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA)
  • Culham Centre for Fusion Energy
  • Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP)
  • University of Stuttgart
  • Fraunhofer-Institut für Schicht- und Oberflächentechnik IST
  • Austrian Academy of Science
  • Institute for Nuclear Research
  • Russian Academy of Science
  • Technical University of Berlin
  • University of Opole
  • Aalto University
  • Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
  • Kyoto University
  • Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences
  • Institute of Plasma Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
  • Istituto di Fisica del Plasma Piero Caldirola
  • Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkzeugmaschinen und Umformtechnik IWU
  • Universität in Rostock
  • Lawrence University, Appleton
  • CNR

Publikation: Beitrag in Fachzeitschrift › Artikel › Begutachtung

196 Zitate (Scopus)

Abstract

After completing the main construction phase of Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) and successfully commissioning the device, first plasma operation started at the end of 2015. Integral commissioning of plasma start-up and operation using electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and an extensive set of plasma diagnostics have been completed, allowing initial physics studies during the first operational campaign. Both in helium and hydrogen, plasma breakdown was easily achieved. Gaining experience with plasma vessel conditioning, discharge lengths could be extended gradually. Eventually, discharges lasted up to 6 s, reaching an injected energy of 4 MJ, which is twice the limit originally agreed for the limiter configuration employed during the first operational campaign. At power levels of 4 MW central electron densities reached 3 1019 m-3, central electron temperatures reached values of 7 keV and ion temperatures reached just above 2 keV. Important physics studies during this first operational phase include a first assessment of power balance and energy confinement, ECRH power deposition experiments, 2nd harmonic O-mode ECRH using multi-pass absorption, and current drive experiments using electron cyclotron current drive. As in many plasma discharges the electron temperature exceeds the ion temperature significantly, these plasmas are governed by core electron root confinement showing a strong positive electric field in the plasma centre.

OriginalspracheEnglisch
Aufsatznummer102020
FachzeitschriftNuclear Fusion
Jahrgang57
Ausgabenummer10
DOIs
PublikationsstatusVeröffentlicht - 27 Juli 2017

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