Effects of orbit squeezing on ion transport, poloidal mass flow and bootstrap current in the limit of very low collisionality

In the edge region of a tokamak, especially during H-mode operation, the values of the radial electric field E_r and of its radial derivative dE_r/dr are larger than those allowed by the standard neoclassical theory. In this paper we focus our attention to the region where dE_r/dr is negative and very large. This gives rise to orbit squeezing and requires a new approach to solve the drift kinetic equation (DKE). In this paper we re-examine the method of the linearized DKE developed by Shaing and Hazeltine and the `global' method due to Hinton and Kim, and we ameliorate the latter by consistently taking the temperature gradient into account.